Case Study: Limiting The Number Of Joined Customers Using SQL Transaction Isolation Levels

 

Agenda: In many real-time applications, at times we have to limit the total number of users to a limit. Ex: while booking movie tickets, or gaming events, and so on.  The problem at hand is to limit the total number of users registered in such scenarios. 

We will consider virtual cricket match application registration for the use case. 

Background of the Scenario

Following is a walkthrough of the actions in the picture:

1. Users register themselves.
2. Users see a list of different cricket matches that will start within an hour timeframe. The timer is running in the background.
3. The User clicks on a cricket match from the list. Now the user has to create a virtual team of cricket players to play the match. 
4. The User clicks on a cricket match from the list. Now the user has to create a virtual team of cricket players to play the match. 
5. As soon as the team is created a list of contests appears. Users now have to join any contest. Some amount will be deducted from the wallet depending on the contest the user is joining.
6. Now there is a limit of users who can join a particular contest.

For example, suppose there are only 2 spots for contest A. When the user clicks Join Contest and the number of slots is filled then he should not be able to join.

The task seems to be unchallenging and effortless. Simply apply an if..else.. condition which checks if the maximum limit is exceeding and terminates the transaction before insertion if it exceeds. 

But here comes the catch in this supposititious scenario. There are lakhs of users using the application at the same second. Say a couple of thousand users click on the Join Contest button at the same time. Hence instead of 2 users, 1000 users are able to join the match. Their money from the wallet is also deducted which becomes a huge challenge. This is a serious predicament and a massive technical issue.

Solution: SQL Transaction Isolation Levels 

When multiple database transactions are occurring at the same time, transactions have to be isolated from each other so as to complete the transaction properly. The SQL standard defines four levels of isolation. 

 Now following database anomalies come into the picture:

1. Dirty read: A transaction reads data written by a concurrent uncommitted transaction.
2. Non-Repeatable reads: A transaction re-reads data it has previously read and finds that data has been modified by another transaction (that committed since the initial read).
3. Phantom Reads: A transaction re-executes a query returning a set of rows that satisfy a search condition and finds that the set of rows satisfying the condition has changed due to another recently-committed transaction.
4. Serialization anomalies: The result of successfully committing a group of transactions is inconsistent with all possible orderings of running those transactions one at a time.

To eliminate these anomalies, we use transaction isolation levels.

Choosing the best isolation level based, have a great impact on the database, each level of isolation comes with a trade-off, let’s discuss each of them:

1. Read Uncommitted

Read Uncommitted is the lowest isolation level. In this level, one transaction may read not yet committed changes made by another transaction, thereby allowing dirty reads. At this level, transactions are not isolated from each other.

Syntax: SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED

2. Read Committed

This isolation level guarantees that any data read is committed at the moment it is read. Thus it does not allow dirty reads. The transaction holds a read or write lock on the current row, and thus prevents other transactions from reading, updating, or deleting it.

Syntax: SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED

3. Repeatable Reads

This is the most restrictive isolation level. The transaction holds read locks on all rows it references and writes locks on all rows it inserts, updates, or deletes. Since other transactions cannot read, update or delete these rows, consequently it avoids non-repeatable reads.

Syntax: SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ REPEATABLE READS

4. Serializable

This is the highest isolation level. A serializable execution is guaranteed to be serializable. Serializable execution is defined to be an execution of operations in which concurrently executing transactions appears to be serially executing.

Syntax: SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ SERIALIZABLE

The following table describes the various conditions and the applicability of transactions.

Use case: Virtual cricket match application registration
Table ‘[dbo][Players]’

NOTE: Following case shows the syntax of the SQL server. For other database platforms, syntax can be modified.

Consider a table ‘Players’ having the following structure:

Database concept: There are Database Hazards That interrupt or corrupt database transactions. Following are the database hazards:

• 1. Dirty read
• 2. Update loss 
• 3. Phantom

These hazards are outbreaks that we tackle using Isolation Levels

SQL Transaction Isolation Levels to tackle the hazards. 

1. SQL Transaction Isolation level 1: READ UNCOMMITTED

Consider two users, Player 1 and Player 2. Following transactions are made by these users:

PLAYER 1 (Session 1)

-> GO
-> BEGIN TRANSACTION
-> SET ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED
INSERT INTO [dbo].[Players] ([Player_id],[Player_name],
[Contest_name], [Maximum_players],[Amount]) VALUES (10005,
‘Vaibhav’, ‘Hot Contests’,8, 1288)
-> WAIT FOR DELAY 20s
-> ROLLBACK TRANSACTION 

PLAYER 2 (Session 2)

-> GO
-> BEGIN TRANSACTION
-> SET ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED
-> SELECT * FROM [dbo].[Players] WHERE Player_id = 10005
\1 record returned
-> WAIT FOR DELAY 20s
-> SELECT * FROM [dbo].[Players] WHERE Player_id = 10005
\0 records returned (dirty read)
-> END TRANSACTION

RESULT

Player 1 inserts into the table and waits for the 20s. Meanwhile, Player 2 selects the record just inserted. Player 2 is able to see this uncommitted record. Now after 20s User 1 rollback transaction. When Player 2 selects again no record is fetched. This is a case of Dirty Read.

Hence READ UNCOMMITTED eliminates none of the anomalies and is the lowest stage of Isolation level.

DIRTY READ ———-Not removed
UPDATE LOSS——–Not removed
PHANTOM————–Not removed

2. SQL Transaction Isolation level 2: READ COMMITTED

Consider 2 players Player 1 and Player 2. Following transactions are made:

PLAYER 1 (Session 1)

-> GO
-> BEGIN TRANSACTION
-> SET ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED
INSERT INTO [dbo].Players VALUES (10005, ‘Vaibhav’, ‘Hot Contests’,8,
‘Rs.1288’)
-> WAIT FOR DELAY 20s
-> ROLLBACK TRANSACTION

PLAYER 2 (Session 2) **Dirty read removed

-> GO
-> BEGIN TRANSACTION
-> SET ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED
-> SELECT * FROM [dbo].[Players] WHERE Player_id = 10005
\No records are returned as it is not committed.
-> WAIT FOR DELAY 20s
-> SELECT * FROM [dbo].[Players] WHERE Player_id = 10005
\ No records returned as the transaction is rolled back.
-> END TRANSACTION

RESULT

Player 1 inserts into the table and waits for the 20s. Meanwhile, Player 2 selects the record just inserted. Player 2 is not able to see the record as it is uncommitted. Now after 20s Player 1 commits a transaction. When Player 2 selects again no record is fetched as it is rolled back.

Hence READ COMMITTED eliminates the first database hazard: DIRTY READS and is the second stage of Isolation level. 

DIRTY READ ———-Removed
UPDATE LOSS——–Not removed
PHANTOM————–Not removed

3. SQL Transaction Isolation level 3: REPEATABLE READ

Consider 2 Players: Player 1, Player 2. Following transactions are made by the users:

USER 1 (Session 1)

-> GO
-> BEGIN TRANSACTION
-> SET ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ
-> UPDATE [dbo].[Players] SET [Amount]=1,20,000 WHERE
[Emp_id]=10005
-> WAIT FOR DELAY 20s
-> COMMIT TRANSACTION
-> END TRANSACTION

USER 2 (Session 2) ** Update loss removed

-> GO
-> BEGIN TRANSACTION
-> SET ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ
-> SELECT * FROM [dbo].[Players] WHERE Player_id = 10005
//No records returned as there is a lock on this record.
-> WAIT FOR DELAY 20s
-> SELECT * FROM [dbo].[Players] WHERE Player_id = 10005
//One record is returned as the lock opens after the 20s.
-> END TRANSACTION

RESULT

Player 1 updates one record in the table but has not committed it yet and waits for the 20s. Meanwhile, Player 2 selects the record being updated by User 1. Player 2 is not able to see the record as it is uncommitted. Now after 20s Player 1 commits a transaction. When Player 2 selects the record again and the updated record is returned. Hence Player 2 is able to fetch the record only when the transaction is either ROLLBACK or COMMITTED. 

Hence REPEATABLE READ eliminates the second database hazard: UPDATE LOSS and is the third stage of Isolation level. 

DIRTY READ ———-Removed
UPDATE LOSS——–Removed
PHANTOM————–Not removed

4. SQL Transaction Isolation level 4: SERIALIZABLE

Consider 2 players Player 1, Player 2. Following transactions are made by the users:

USER 1 (Session 1)

-> GO
-> BEGIN TRANSACTION
-> SET ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE
-> SELECT * FROM [dbo].[Players] WHERE Player_id = 10006
\10 records are returned and the user makes a report of the number
of records for this Player_id.
-> WAIT FOR DELAY 20s
-> SELECT * FROM [dbo].[Players] WHERE Player_id = 10006
//Fetches 2 more records. Extra records fetched.
-> END TRANSACTION

USER 2 (Session 2) ** Phantom removed

-> GO
-> BEGIN TRANSACTION
-> SET ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE
-> INSERT INTO [dbo].[Players] ([Player_id],[Player_name],
[Contest_name],[Maximum_players],[Amount]) VALUES (10005,
‘Vaibhav’, ‘Head to Head’,8, ‘Rs.774’)
\\1 record inserted
-> INSERT INTO [dbo].[Players] ([Player_id],[Player_name],
[Contest_name],[Maximum_players],[Amount]) VALUES (10005,
‘Vaibhav’, ‘Hot Contests,8, ‘Rs.414’)
\\1 record inserted
-> COMMIT TRANSACTION
-> END TRANSACTION

RESULT

Player 1 selects one record in the table with Player_id=10006. 10 records are returned and Player 1 prepares the report on it. Meanwhile, Player 2 is inserting 2 records in the table for Player_id=10006. After a 20-second delay Player 2 commits a transaction. Now player 1 again selects records for Player_id=10006 and 12 records are returned. A mismatch of data occurs and the report is not correct. This is a massive transactional error called Phantom and database reports also become incorrect.

To tackle this hazard, we use a SERIALIZABLE isolation level which applies a lock on records between a specific range of PLAYER_ID says 10005-10010. Now the Player cannot insert a record within this range before the transaction is committed by Player 1.

Hence SERIALIZABLE eliminates the third database hazard: Phantom and is the fourth stage of Isolation level. 

DIRTY READ ———-Removed
UPDATE LOSS——–Removed
PHANTOM————- Removed

Hence SERIALIZATION is the strongest lock as it eliminates all three database hazards.

Hence concluding, understanding the concept of Transactional Isolation Level is crucial to resolve SQL transaction-related glitches and maintaining database integrity and a lot of Database Hazards can be eliminated making the transactions go smoothly.

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Tutorial: How To Create ER Diagrams For A Database In PHPmyadmin

 

An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) is a visual representation of different entities within a system and how they relate to each other.

Agenda: To create ER diagrams for the tables in the database.

Consider a hypothetical scenario in which Restaurant data is stored in a database. The database contains the following tables:

Following are the tables: Food_Item, List_Recipies, Food_Menu, Order_Details, My_Customers, My_Promo, My_Orders, My_Employees, My_Promo

In the diagrams above the Column names in orange are called ‘Entities’ and the keys in green are called ‘Attributes’. The following diagram describes this further.

Follow the steps to create ER diagram for the above tables:

STEP 1:

Go to phpMyAdmin and create a database named ‘Restaurant’.

STEP 2:

To populate the tables in the database run the following SQL commands.

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Food_Item ( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , menu_id INTEGER , item_name VARCHAR(40) , Item_price VARCHAR(20) , Stock VARCHAR(20))

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Customer( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , food_item_id INTEGER , name VARCHAR(40) , contact INTEGER(30) , member_id VARCHAR(20))

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Employees( emp_id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , customer_id VARCHAR(30) , name VARCHAR(40) , address Varchar(20) , salary VARCHAR(20))

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Promo( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , order_id VARCHAR(30), promo_desc VARCHAR(40) , discount VARCHAR (20) , expiry_date VARCHAR(20))

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Food_Menu( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, employee_id VARCHAR(20), menu_name VARCHAR(40), price Varchar(20), cooking_time VARCHAR(20))

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Orders( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , employee_id INTEGER , order_date VARCHAR(40) , order_type Varchar(20) , total_amount VARCHAR(20))

Now your database is populated with all the tables.

Note: You do not need to insert data in the tables to create an Entity Relationship  Diagram. You just need the field names and their data types.

STEP 3:

In the top menu select More → Designer option as shown in the image below.

This will open the designing mode. You can see all the tables scattered on the designing sheet something like this:

Now you have to create relationships between the different tables. The following chart will help you to understand the relationships between the two tables better.

STEP 4:

Now create relationships by clicking on the relationship icon on the left menu bar. Then select the primary key and foreign key in a relation and click on create relationship option. Perform the same for all the rest of the tables.

The result will look something like this:

Now you had create ER Diagrams for your database.

STEP 5:

The last page of the report will be as shown below:

Hence these are the basic steps of creating an Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagrams [create ER diagrams] for a database.

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Case Study: Exception Handling In PHP

 

What is an Exception?

An exception is an unwanted event in the program that interrupts the normal flow of the instructions. It is the unexpected outcome of the program.  The major difference between the error and exception is that the exception can be handled by the program, unlike error.

Exception Handling in PHP

Exception handling is the process of handling the exception (run time errors) to induce the normal flow of the code execution. This is the set of actions we take to handle the unwanted behavior of the code. The main goal is to execute the program without any unexpected behavior and outcome of the code.

When an exception occurs in the program, It proceeds generally using these steps:

• The current code state is saved.
• The code implementation will switch to a custom exception handler function
• Then the handler resumes the execution from the saved code state, terminates the script execution / continues the execution from a different location in the code.

Need of Exception Handling in PHP

PHP provides different functionalities in exception handling. It can handle various runtime errors such as IOException, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, and arithmetic exceptions.

The following keywords are used when we use exception handling in PHP- Try, catch, throw, finally.

• Try: It is the block of code in which an exception is present. This piece of code raises the exception. Try block should have a catch or finally block. It contains more than one catch block too. 
• Throw: The throw keyword is used to symbolize the occurrence of a PHP exception Then we try to find a catch statement to handle this exception.
• Catch:  This is the block of code that is executed when the try block throws an exception. It is responsible for handling the exception in the try block. It is always used with the try block.
• Finally: The PHP 5.5 version introduced the “finally” statement in PHP. The “finally” block can be used after a catch block or in place of catch blocks. “Finally “ term means that it will be executed no matter the exception is thrown or not. It generally executes the necessary parts of the program. We use it for many purposes like closing the files, closing the open databases connections, etc.

The Basic syntax which we use when handle the exceptions using try and catch is given below.

Multiple Exceptions– Multiple exceptions use multiple try-catch blocks for the implementation and execution of the code. It is used when you want to show the customized message or you wanted to perform some unique operation when the exception is thrown.

In the single program, multiple exceptions can be there like arithmetic exceptions, IO exceptions. We will help you to understand the concept of Multiple exceptions firstly by flowchart representation and then by executing the program. 

Flowchart to Describe the working of Multiple Exceptions

Now here is an example for the multiple exceptions using the program.

We will implement the code that divides a number by the number in the denominator.

We have the chance to get the two types of exceptions by dividing the number by zero or by dividing the number by a negative number. 

We can work with the multiple cases of exceptions 

The code below shows the implementation.

Here we are writing the code when we divide a number by the denominator there are two chances of exceptions one is by dividing it to zero or by a negative number. In the program, we are using multiple catches to solve the exceptions.

Using multiple try-catch with multiple exception types

PHP supports the use of more than one nested catch block to handle their thrown exceptions. This provides us the permission to alter our code based on the type of exception thrown. This is useful for customizing how you display an error message. We can handle different types of exceptions using the catch blocks.

The syntax is given below:

Use of  try-catch-finally

Introduced in PHP version 5.5, Sometimes we can also use a “finally” section. Finally is useful in many cases it is not just limited to exception handling, it is used to perform the necessary tasks, and in the cases where the execution is independent of exceptions. 

The “finally”  block is always used when the try-catch block exits. It ensures that finally block is executed in any situation.

Example for using try-catch-finally:

Flowchart to tell you how this program works.

Explanation of the working of flowchart

 Firstly we check If the exception occurs or not and if occurs it will be handled by the catch block. There are two chances-

1. The exception will be handled
2. The exception will not be handled.

If the exception is handled by the catch block then the “finally’’ block will be executed too.

If the exception is not handled, then also the “finally” block will be executed itself. 

Conclusion of Exception Handling in PHP

The concept of exception is almost similar in all the languages. Exception Handling ensures the normal execution of the programs and we can handle it using try, catch, throw, and finally keywords in PHP.

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Blog On: Java For Cloud And The Cloud For Java

 

Introduction to Cloud

Technologies are updating with a higher speed as per the requirements. It is not only with the technology but also with our daily routines, lifestyles, system update, version update. We keep updating ourselves and our systems too as it adds more features and new capabilities.

Companies are switching to Cloud for almost all their work and operations to automate their maximum processes. Cloud is centered on automation.

Cloud is like a server that runs all the software and applications and it doesn’t require physical space in the organization. Cloud has the ability to give you access to your files from any device. All organizations are approaching and investing on a bigger scale in the cloud.

Java

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language. It is used as one of the most secure programming languages. It is used to create web applications, desktop applications, and games. Java is one of the most usable languages by developers worldwide. As per Oracle analysis, around 12 million developers use Java for the development of web applications.

Why do we use Java for Cloud?

1. Security– Java provides better security in comparison to other languages. JDK is created with full consideration of security.  The presence of Secure class loading and verification mechanism is the characteristic of java.
2. Presence of Libraries– The huge amount of libraries in java that provides better security and implementation to the codes.
3. Support and Maintenance–Java provide you with continuous support in terms of IDE. In java, it is easy for you to fix bugs and compile your program.
4. Untyped– Java is a typed language, unlike other programming languages. Every variable always declares with a datatype. The variable is incomplete without the presence of datatype in java.

Why do we need the cloud for Java???

Many organizations are currently using the cloud considering its potential to grow. Java applications consist of a huge amount of coding and implementation and the cloud helps to manage it.

• Additional Capabilities-You can go to the cloud and directly add on any number of services you want for the cloud. Resources use is on you completely that how many resources you want to use.
• Flexibility-Cloud will provide you with the right amount of resources even if the load is high. When the load is low then the same resources are going to be available for the other clients.
• Analytics and Metrics– It will provide you complete access to an analytics dashboard where you can see the actual metrics, use of your resources, profit, and many other performance derivatives.
• More Accessibility– You will be able to access all your services on every device and it will accessible to you worldwide at any system.

Comparison to other languages

When you write a code in C it is tough to manage the memory and if you make a mistake in C, the application can crash and it will spoil all your work but that’s not the case with java cloud as it provides more security to you with storage.

Java Cloud Development Tools

• Oracle Java Cloud Service-It is one of the platform services offerings in the oracle cloud. When you create an instance in oracle cloud it provides you the choice to use your environment.
• AWS SDK for Java– Amazon provides scalable, reliable, and scalable java applications on the cloud. API’s available for AWS services includes AMAZON EC2, DYNAMODB, AMAZON S3. They will provide you with the documentation for deploying your web applications on the cloud.
• OpenShift– It is a platform as a service provided by Redhat. It allows you to develop your java applications quickly.
• IBM SmartCloud-It provides many services, a platform as a service, Software as a service, infrastructure as a service using different deployment models.
• Google App Engine– In the google app engine it is easy to create your web applications. It allows you to maintain your apps you just need to upload your application and you are done with it.
• Cloudfoundry-Its a platform as a service developed by VMWare. It helps you to develop your whole product from start to end which is the complete software development life cycle.
• Heroku Java– This Cloud platform is a Platform as a service that allows you to develop your applications the way you want with more features.
• Jelastic-Its an unlimited platform as a service that provides better availability of applications. perform Vertical and horizontal scaling.

CONCLUSION– Diversion to the cloud is helpful for java developers to deploy their applications on the cloud and manage them in a better way.

“Either way it is java for the cloud or the cloud for java it helps you to create the applications faster with the optimized cost.”

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How To Choose A Right Software Development Company

 

In the present scenario, the demand for technology is surging at a fast pace. The world is getting technologically advanced, it makes companies hire skilled developers on a constant rise. Business owners often seem to be confused when it comes to how to choose a software development company that provides them value and quality services. Although, choosing the right software partner is a tedious task as it requires deciding the appropriate database, front-end applications, picking a scalable framework, and so on. The major problem with standard software products is there is no product that fits all business needs; this is the reason software development companies are in demand which offers all services you need. Let’s not beat around the bush, if you’re here to do something innovative that generates higher ROI, then must know how to choose a software development company and developers to accomplish any specific project.

Key Considerations Prior How to Choose Software Development Company Are:

Define your objectives, resources, and time frame – Before hiring any software development company, it is important for you to clearly define business objectives that match your business requirements. What issues do you want to resolve? What solutions will help you to achieve business goals?

To do so, prepare a list of key goals against the solutions and also explain how it will manage each of them. Prepare a realistic time frame for your project and plan all the reasons for going to be allocated. Thus, hiring a software development company with that much info assists in project accomplishment.

Start by getting referrals – You can reach out to people who know the best software development company and ask for referrals. This will enable us to track the process of how to choose a software development company, with getting honest feedback about their work.

Check out the company’s portfolio – It is important for you to check out what the company offers, with this you will get more valuable information. By reviewing a company’s profile, you can understand what type of services they offer and what type of applications they have built. With this, you can decide whether or not the company has the expertise and know-how to develop the solutions you’re looking for.

Guage for the talent pool – While hiring a software development company, it is important for you to know the experience of developers in specific technology or domain. It makes you think about whether or not the company is able to fulfill the project requirements in an effective manner.

Do you know that you can also ask for the CVs of the developers or take interviews who are going to work on your project? It is vital to hand over the project to developers who are well-skilled and have great experience in a specific technology.

Compare offers – During your hunt on how to choose a software development company, you may look for rates. It is common when someone sees lower rates; you might be tempted for it. And even sometimes, you can find the rarest of gems with quality work. Although, we know that there is no such thing as good, cheap, and fast at the same time. Hence, if you just go for cheap, you may spend much more than you have planned for earlier, why? Reasons are given below –

• If someone doesn’t know how to work, it may increase the project timeline automatically.
• You may spend more time in fixing errors.

Hence, it is important to compare the cost of different companies and I want to recommend going for quality instead of cost.

Benefits of Choosing a Software Development Company?

In this competitive era, the demand for software development companies is increasing at a fast pace. The reason behind this is great flexibility which allows companies to reform business solutions as per the specific needs and requirements. Many businesses are dealing with the problem of how to choose software development companies to accomplish projects in the desired manner. It will be beneficial when you hire software development companies to meet daily challenges, such as –

• Custom software development companies enable you to tailor the exact needs and specifications It will offer you to provide all the functionalities required to reach peak productivity.
• They understand your business needs and apply the latest tools and technologies to make it more profitable and effective.
• A combination of technical excellence and great customer services leads to value for money.
• Value creativity and collaboration signify that ideas are shared, communicated and everyone contributes individually to accomplish a common goal or objective.
• Tailor new teams for each new project, it helps in making the best possible combination of skills, knowledge, and experience in order to meet your needs and provide high-quality solutions.

Conclusion

With the help of the aforementioned tips, you can choose the best software development company for your business. How your future application or software will run or look like, depends on the skills and experience of developers are involved in its development process. In this relation, it is imperative to choose the right software development company to attain desired business goals and objectives so that customers’ can experience bug-free, optimal use of technology, and high-performance products. One last thing to be remembered in the process of how to choose software development company is its openness and staff flexibility. Ensure that all the process is transparent and unforced from the initial stage of the project.

Hence, working with a software development company assists to get intelligent solutions in order to meet the client’s emerging demands. This collaborative working style contributes to developing effective and robust projects as well as an again high competitive edge in turn.

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